Anna Lee, Jason Lewis, Nahya Pelito, Sora Shojae |
Bibliography
Works Cited
Primary Sources
Interview
File, Jason. "The Religion Shinto and Japan." E-mail interview. 28 Apr. 2015.
This primary source is an interview of Jason File, who is knowledgeable about religious studies and philosophy. From this interview I learned the relationship between morality in Japan and the religion Shinto, the results of which can be seen in the "Morality in Japan" section.
Rambelli, Fabio. “Basic Facts Of Shinto” E-mail interview. 11 May 2015.
This primary source consisted of an interview with Professor Rambelli who majors in religious studies and primarily in East Asian Languages. He has written books on Buddhism and Japanese languages and the culture. This source gave us a good look of Shinto from a professional person’s respective points.
Book
Chamberlain, Basil Hall. The Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters. Rutland, VT: C.E. Tuttle, 1982. Print.
This primary source tells us about the history of Shinto, its origin, and the legends and stories that make up its doctrine. This source is a translated version of the written stories that are considered Shinto’s most official text.
Shinno, Toneri. Nihon Shoki. N.p.: n.p., 720. Print.
This primary source is one of the oldest texts on Japan’s history. It gave us more information on the origin story of Japanese emperors, specifically the first Emperor. This source contributed a quote that we used on the page about the royal family of Japan.
Website
McNeil, David. "Back to the Future: Shinto's Growing Influence in Politics | The Japan Times." Japan Times RSS. THE JAPAN TIMES LTD., 23 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 May 2015.
This source gives insight on the current affairs going on in present day japan. It depicts the struggles to change society in Japan back to pre-World War II. The Japan Times is a refutable source that give politics on Japan every Sunday.
“Part II INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE TRANSLATOR.” Part I Introductory Remarks By The Translators. N.P., n.d. Web 03 May 2015.
This primary source goes in depth within the historical scrolls and the ancient stories of the deities and practices. By gaining the knowledge of this, it helps us learn more about the conflicts between Buddhism and Shintoism.
Image
Ancient Japan. 660BCE-1185CE. Digital image. Emaze. Emaze, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. <http://app.emaze.com/@AOZOROIC/japan-project>.
This image is a painting of ancient Japan, giving me a good visual to add to my section on Shinto's origins. It is visible that the painting is of the style of ancient Japan, so one can only assume it's a primary source of how Japan BCE looked like.
The Battle of Ueno took place in the suburbs of Tokyo in 1868. The defeat of shogun armies by the Meiji emperor forces led to the overthrow of the shogunate system and the subsequent Meiji Restoration. Digital image. History. A&E Television Networks, LLC., n.d. Web.
This is an image from the History network that helps to give an idea of what life was like during the Meiji Restoration. It shows the cruelties that were committed during that time.
Boyd, Torin. Kasuga Ceremony. Digital image. Torin Boyd Photography, 2009. Web.
This image is of a Kasuga ceremony being performed by Japanese miko. It provided an image that showed valuable insight into the role of women in religious activities.
Eichhorn, Günther, Dr. Buddhist temple in the monastery southeast of Osaka. Digital image. Temples, Shrines, and Palaces in 日本国 (Japan). Dr. Günther Eichhorn, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image taken by Dr. Eichhorn himself captures the Buddhist temple's beauty and the aspects of it so we can compare and contrast it with that of a Shinto Shrine.
Japan's Emperor Akihito waves to a crowd of well-wishers. Digital image. Emperor of Japan Turns 79. The Hindu, n.d. Web.
This source is of Emperor Akihito, the current emperor. This image gives an accurate representation of what Japanese emperors look like today.
Jinja Honcho (the Association of Shinto Shrine). Digital image. Jinja Honcho Association of Shinto Shrines. Jinja Honcho, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is an image of the Association of Shinto Shrine's headquarters. The vastness of the size of the structure can give some sense as to just how much influence they have.
Miko performing a ceremony. Digital image. Daily Grail. Dreaming a New Year, n.d. Web.
This source is of mikos performing a different ceremony. Again, it provides insight into how mikos function in society and gives a representation of how ceremonies that are performed.
Shimbun, Asahi. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe prepares to take part in the Sengyo no Gi ceremony on Oct. 2. He is accompanied by his wife Akie to his left and Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso to his right. Digital image. The Asahi Shimbun. The Asahi Shimbun Company., 03 Oct. 2013. Web.
This is an image of Abe Shinzo partaking in the ritual at the Grand Ise Shrine. It shows how Abe is willing to take a step of initiation to bring Shinto back to how it was before World War II.
Secondary Sources
Website
Bernard, Rosemarie. "The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale." Shinto. Rosemarie Bernard., 1998. Web. 25 Apr. 2015.
This is about the general ideas of Shinto and some information on the rituals' and shrines' effects on the environment. This source connects Shinto to some more modern issues that are currently going on.
Davidson, Danica. “The Power of Shinto.” Llewellyn Worldwide. N.p., n.d. Web.03 May 2015.
This secondary sources provides more basic facts of Shintoism, how people are connected to it mentally even without having Japanese blood in heritage or ever setting foot in Japan. This source helps by giving a basic knowledge overview of the religion in its rituals and beliefs.
Fisher, Anita. "Women in Medieval Japanese Society." (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 16 May 2015.
This source provided useful insight into the role women occupied in medieval Japan. This source showed what privileges women had that most women in the same time period did not. It also mentioned a women’s role in religious ceremony.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Amaterasu | Shinto Deity." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This gives the history and creation of Amaterasu and how she came to be. It gave insight on her legacy and the most popular myth behind her. This was a very reliable and accurate sourced to use.
"Jimmu, Emperor of Japan." New World Encyclopedia. New World Encyclopedia, May 2014. Web. 16 May 2015.
This source gave us an overview of how the Japanese royal family was connected to Amaterasu. It provided vital information on the background of the tradition and outlined how important the emperor was to the Japanese people.
Nobutaka, Inoue, and Sakamoto Koremaru. "Modern and Contemporary Shinto." Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugakuin University., 05 Sept. 2006. Web. 25 Apr. 2015.
This was about the transformations in Shinto and the reforms of shrines and rites. This includes information on how Shintoism has changed throughout the periods.
"Religion Library: Shinto." Patheos. Patheos, n.d. Web. 15 May 2015.
Patheos' website gave me the necessary general information about Shinto, including the approximate date of the origin of Shinto. This information is used in the "Morality in Japan" section.
Silva-Grondin, Mallary A. "Women in Ancient Japan: From Matriarchal Antiquity to Acquiescent Confinement." RSS. Student Pulse, 2010. Web. 16 May 2015.
This gave detailed information on a women’s role in Japan and how Amaterasu influenced it. It provided examples of which ways women were allowed more freedoms than in other societies and it provided important quotes.
“Shinto and Nationalism.” BBC News. BBC, 17 Sept. 2009. Web. 03 May 2015.
This secondary source talks about Shinto and its political effect and Japanese nationalism. Links between Shinto and nationalism, constitutions, and historical evidence and facts are included. This source helps give a better understanding by explaining the roots of the religion from the very beginning.
"Shinto at a Glance." BBC News. BBC, 07 Oct. 2011. Web. 17 May 2015.
This gave basic information on all of the different aspects of Shinto. It also gave a lot of Information on the history of Shinto and how it has changed over all of the years it has existed. In addition, it discusses the influence of other religions on Shinto.
"Shinto History." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This gave information on Shinto’s history. It gave insight on how it have changed from 500 C.E. all the way to present day.
Toshio, Kuroda. “Review: New Studies on the History of Japanese folk Religion.” Asian folklore Studies 22.No. (1963):385.86.Web. 03 May 2015.
This source explains Shinto’s role in everyday life in more detail. It also goes into depth with the relation with Buddhism. Gives a better understanding belief of native manners and obligations to the trace of Shinto through Japan.
Tokihira, Fujiwara, and Fujiwara Tadahira. "The Yengishiki." Sacred Texts. John Bruno Hare, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is the first volume of the Engishiki, about the various rituals in Shinto. It includes quotes from 200 years ago and how the ritual is performed. It helps to give insight on how exactly the Shinto beliefs corolate with the physical world.
Book
Fridman, Eva Jane Neumann, and Mariko Namba Walter. Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 2004. Print.
This source provided deeper insight into women who participated in religious activities. It outlined where they resided in the social ladder and what characteristics they typically possessed.
Kinsley, David R. The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West. Albany: State U of New York, 1989. Print.
This gave detailed information on why the Japanese people revered the emperor so much. It also gave us the significance and history behind the Imperial Regalia.
Image
Amaterasu Shinto Tattoo. Digital image. Galleryhip.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image is another representation of Amaterasu seeing herself in the mirror during the God’s trick to lure her out of the cave. In the background, we see the trick where the Gods say they have another mistress replacing her role as the Sun Goddess.
Bartman905. Coming of Age Day. Digital image. Wordpress.com. N.p., 13 Jan. 2009. Web. 17 May 2015.
This picture shows a couple of ladies who are taking a group picture together celebrating their Coming of Age Day. They seem to be at a shrine for traditional ceremonies. This source shows how people dress to formally celebrate this event.
Inner Shrine of Ise Grand Shrine. Digital image. Pixhip.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image is a simple view of people visiting the Grand Ise Shrine in the Inner Shrine. This source gives us an outlook of where people of Shinto go during practices of ceremonies and rituals.
"How to Pray at a Shinto Shrine." WanderingBlueSky. N.p., 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image shows what a typical Shinto shrine might look like. It helps us to understand how nature and man come together to worship the Kami.
Moore, Kimberely. Amaterasu Emerging from the Cave -- Wood. Digital image. The Mother House of the Goddess. N.p., 1 Apr. 2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image shows Amaterasu coming out from the cave in the legend. As she steps out from being lured by the Gods, she gives off light to the world as it restores from her presence.
Moore, Kimberely. The Japanese Goddess Amaterasu -- Shining the Light of Your Beauty. Digital image. The Mother House of the Goddess. N.p., 1 Apr. 2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image gives us a good representation of what Amaterasu looks like. Around her, there are rays of sunlight symbolizing her recoginition as the Goddess of the Sun.
Shaw, Sarah. A Traditional Japanese Wedding Ceremony at Meiji Jingu. Digital image. Mappingwords.com. N.p., 10 Apr. 2012. Web. 17 May 2015.
A traditional wedding where the bride and groom wear formal traditional Shinto attire. This source gives us another perspective of how Shinto ceremonies, such as weddings, are held.
Williams, Beth. Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine. Digital image. JTBUSA Blog. JTBUSA Blog, 20 Aug. 2013. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is an image of a Torii gate in Kyoto. It helps to show its significance as part of a Shinto Shrine.
Woehnl, Norbert. The Grand Ise Shrine. Digital image. Most Beautiful Places. Most Beautiful Places, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is a picture of the Grand Ise Shrine, the most sacred shrine in Shinto. It shows the complexity of the structure and a nice view of the outside.
Yoshitoshi, Tsukioka. Emperor Jimmu - Mirror of Famous Generals. Digital image. Ukiyo-e Search. Ukiyo-e Search, n.d. Web.
This image is of the first emperor, Emperor Jimmu. It gives us an image of what the emperor would have looked like and provides a visual image.
Yukihiko, Yasuda. Queen Himiko. Digital image. Wikipedia, n.d. Web.
This source is a painting of Queen Himiko. This source gave us a representation of what the leader looked like and how such a powerful figure was represented in art.
Interview
File, Jason. "The Religion Shinto and Japan." E-mail interview. 28 Apr. 2015.
This primary source is an interview of Jason File, who is knowledgeable about religious studies and philosophy. From this interview I learned the relationship between morality in Japan and the religion Shinto, the results of which can be seen in the "Morality in Japan" section.
Rambelli, Fabio. “Basic Facts Of Shinto” E-mail interview. 11 May 2015.
This primary source consisted of an interview with Professor Rambelli who majors in religious studies and primarily in East Asian Languages. He has written books on Buddhism and Japanese languages and the culture. This source gave us a good look of Shinto from a professional person’s respective points.
Book
Chamberlain, Basil Hall. The Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters. Rutland, VT: C.E. Tuttle, 1982. Print.
This primary source tells us about the history of Shinto, its origin, and the legends and stories that make up its doctrine. This source is a translated version of the written stories that are considered Shinto’s most official text.
Shinno, Toneri. Nihon Shoki. N.p.: n.p., 720. Print.
This primary source is one of the oldest texts on Japan’s history. It gave us more information on the origin story of Japanese emperors, specifically the first Emperor. This source contributed a quote that we used on the page about the royal family of Japan.
Website
McNeil, David. "Back to the Future: Shinto's Growing Influence in Politics | The Japan Times." Japan Times RSS. THE JAPAN TIMES LTD., 23 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 May 2015.
This source gives insight on the current affairs going on in present day japan. It depicts the struggles to change society in Japan back to pre-World War II. The Japan Times is a refutable source that give politics on Japan every Sunday.
“Part II INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE TRANSLATOR.” Part I Introductory Remarks By The Translators. N.P., n.d. Web 03 May 2015.
This primary source goes in depth within the historical scrolls and the ancient stories of the deities and practices. By gaining the knowledge of this, it helps us learn more about the conflicts between Buddhism and Shintoism.
Image
Ancient Japan. 660BCE-1185CE. Digital image. Emaze. Emaze, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. <http://app.emaze.com/@AOZOROIC/japan-project>.
This image is a painting of ancient Japan, giving me a good visual to add to my section on Shinto's origins. It is visible that the painting is of the style of ancient Japan, so one can only assume it's a primary source of how Japan BCE looked like.
The Battle of Ueno took place in the suburbs of Tokyo in 1868. The defeat of shogun armies by the Meiji emperor forces led to the overthrow of the shogunate system and the subsequent Meiji Restoration. Digital image. History. A&E Television Networks, LLC., n.d. Web.
This is an image from the History network that helps to give an idea of what life was like during the Meiji Restoration. It shows the cruelties that were committed during that time.
Boyd, Torin. Kasuga Ceremony. Digital image. Torin Boyd Photography, 2009. Web.
This image is of a Kasuga ceremony being performed by Japanese miko. It provided an image that showed valuable insight into the role of women in religious activities.
Eichhorn, Günther, Dr. Buddhist temple in the monastery southeast of Osaka. Digital image. Temples, Shrines, and Palaces in 日本国 (Japan). Dr. Günther Eichhorn, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image taken by Dr. Eichhorn himself captures the Buddhist temple's beauty and the aspects of it so we can compare and contrast it with that of a Shinto Shrine.
Japan's Emperor Akihito waves to a crowd of well-wishers. Digital image. Emperor of Japan Turns 79. The Hindu, n.d. Web.
This source is of Emperor Akihito, the current emperor. This image gives an accurate representation of what Japanese emperors look like today.
Jinja Honcho (the Association of Shinto Shrine). Digital image. Jinja Honcho Association of Shinto Shrines. Jinja Honcho, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is an image of the Association of Shinto Shrine's headquarters. The vastness of the size of the structure can give some sense as to just how much influence they have.
Miko performing a ceremony. Digital image. Daily Grail. Dreaming a New Year, n.d. Web.
This source is of mikos performing a different ceremony. Again, it provides insight into how mikos function in society and gives a representation of how ceremonies that are performed.
Shimbun, Asahi. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe prepares to take part in the Sengyo no Gi ceremony on Oct. 2. He is accompanied by his wife Akie to his left and Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso to his right. Digital image. The Asahi Shimbun. The Asahi Shimbun Company., 03 Oct. 2013. Web.
This is an image of Abe Shinzo partaking in the ritual at the Grand Ise Shrine. It shows how Abe is willing to take a step of initiation to bring Shinto back to how it was before World War II.
Secondary Sources
Website
Bernard, Rosemarie. "The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale." Shinto. Rosemarie Bernard., 1998. Web. 25 Apr. 2015.
This is about the general ideas of Shinto and some information on the rituals' and shrines' effects on the environment. This source connects Shinto to some more modern issues that are currently going on.
Davidson, Danica. “The Power of Shinto.” Llewellyn Worldwide. N.p., n.d. Web.03 May 2015.
This secondary sources provides more basic facts of Shintoism, how people are connected to it mentally even without having Japanese blood in heritage or ever setting foot in Japan. This source helps by giving a basic knowledge overview of the religion in its rituals and beliefs.
Fisher, Anita. "Women in Medieval Japanese Society." (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 16 May 2015.
This source provided useful insight into the role women occupied in medieval Japan. This source showed what privileges women had that most women in the same time period did not. It also mentioned a women’s role in religious ceremony.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Amaterasu | Shinto Deity." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This gives the history and creation of Amaterasu and how she came to be. It gave insight on her legacy and the most popular myth behind her. This was a very reliable and accurate sourced to use.
"Jimmu, Emperor of Japan." New World Encyclopedia. New World Encyclopedia, May 2014. Web. 16 May 2015.
This source gave us an overview of how the Japanese royal family was connected to Amaterasu. It provided vital information on the background of the tradition and outlined how important the emperor was to the Japanese people.
Nobutaka, Inoue, and Sakamoto Koremaru. "Modern and Contemporary Shinto." Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugakuin University., 05 Sept. 2006. Web. 25 Apr. 2015.
This was about the transformations in Shinto and the reforms of shrines and rites. This includes information on how Shintoism has changed throughout the periods.
"Religion Library: Shinto." Patheos. Patheos, n.d. Web. 15 May 2015.
Patheos' website gave me the necessary general information about Shinto, including the approximate date of the origin of Shinto. This information is used in the "Morality in Japan" section.
Silva-Grondin, Mallary A. "Women in Ancient Japan: From Matriarchal Antiquity to Acquiescent Confinement." RSS. Student Pulse, 2010. Web. 16 May 2015.
This gave detailed information on a women’s role in Japan and how Amaterasu influenced it. It provided examples of which ways women were allowed more freedoms than in other societies and it provided important quotes.
“Shinto and Nationalism.” BBC News. BBC, 17 Sept. 2009. Web. 03 May 2015.
This secondary source talks about Shinto and its political effect and Japanese nationalism. Links between Shinto and nationalism, constitutions, and historical evidence and facts are included. This source helps give a better understanding by explaining the roots of the religion from the very beginning.
"Shinto at a Glance." BBC News. BBC, 07 Oct. 2011. Web. 17 May 2015.
This gave basic information on all of the different aspects of Shinto. It also gave a lot of Information on the history of Shinto and how it has changed over all of the years it has existed. In addition, it discusses the influence of other religions on Shinto.
"Shinto History." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This gave information on Shinto’s history. It gave insight on how it have changed from 500 C.E. all the way to present day.
Toshio, Kuroda. “Review: New Studies on the History of Japanese folk Religion.” Asian folklore Studies 22.No. (1963):385.86.Web. 03 May 2015.
This source explains Shinto’s role in everyday life in more detail. It also goes into depth with the relation with Buddhism. Gives a better understanding belief of native manners and obligations to the trace of Shinto through Japan.
Tokihira, Fujiwara, and Fujiwara Tadahira. "The Yengishiki." Sacred Texts. John Bruno Hare, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is the first volume of the Engishiki, about the various rituals in Shinto. It includes quotes from 200 years ago and how the ritual is performed. It helps to give insight on how exactly the Shinto beliefs corolate with the physical world.
Book
Fridman, Eva Jane Neumann, and Mariko Namba Walter. Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 2004. Print.
This source provided deeper insight into women who participated in religious activities. It outlined where they resided in the social ladder and what characteristics they typically possessed.
Kinsley, David R. The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West. Albany: State U of New York, 1989. Print.
This gave detailed information on why the Japanese people revered the emperor so much. It also gave us the significance and history behind the Imperial Regalia.
Image
Amaterasu Shinto Tattoo. Digital image. Galleryhip.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image is another representation of Amaterasu seeing herself in the mirror during the God’s trick to lure her out of the cave. In the background, we see the trick where the Gods say they have another mistress replacing her role as the Sun Goddess.
Bartman905. Coming of Age Day. Digital image. Wordpress.com. N.p., 13 Jan. 2009. Web. 17 May 2015.
This picture shows a couple of ladies who are taking a group picture together celebrating their Coming of Age Day. They seem to be at a shrine for traditional ceremonies. This source shows how people dress to formally celebrate this event.
Inner Shrine of Ise Grand Shrine. Digital image. Pixhip.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image is a simple view of people visiting the Grand Ise Shrine in the Inner Shrine. This source gives us an outlook of where people of Shinto go during practices of ceremonies and rituals.
"How to Pray at a Shinto Shrine." WanderingBlueSky. N.p., 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image shows what a typical Shinto shrine might look like. It helps us to understand how nature and man come together to worship the Kami.
Moore, Kimberely. Amaterasu Emerging from the Cave -- Wood. Digital image. The Mother House of the Goddess. N.p., 1 Apr. 2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image shows Amaterasu coming out from the cave in the legend. As she steps out from being lured by the Gods, she gives off light to the world as it restores from her presence.
Moore, Kimberely. The Japanese Goddess Amaterasu -- Shining the Light of Your Beauty. Digital image. The Mother House of the Goddess. N.p., 1 Apr. 2015. Web. 17 May 2015.
This image gives us a good representation of what Amaterasu looks like. Around her, there are rays of sunlight symbolizing her recoginition as the Goddess of the Sun.
Shaw, Sarah. A Traditional Japanese Wedding Ceremony at Meiji Jingu. Digital image. Mappingwords.com. N.p., 10 Apr. 2012. Web. 17 May 2015.
A traditional wedding where the bride and groom wear formal traditional Shinto attire. This source gives us another perspective of how Shinto ceremonies, such as weddings, are held.
Williams, Beth. Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine. Digital image. JTBUSA Blog. JTBUSA Blog, 20 Aug. 2013. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is an image of a Torii gate in Kyoto. It helps to show its significance as part of a Shinto Shrine.
Woehnl, Norbert. The Grand Ise Shrine. Digital image. Most Beautiful Places. Most Beautiful Places, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.
This is a picture of the Grand Ise Shrine, the most sacred shrine in Shinto. It shows the complexity of the structure and a nice view of the outside.
Yoshitoshi, Tsukioka. Emperor Jimmu - Mirror of Famous Generals. Digital image. Ukiyo-e Search. Ukiyo-e Search, n.d. Web.
This image is of the first emperor, Emperor Jimmu. It gives us an image of what the emperor would have looked like and provides a visual image.
Yukihiko, Yasuda. Queen Himiko. Digital image. Wikipedia, n.d. Web.
This source is a painting of Queen Himiko. This source gave us a representation of what the leader looked like and how such a powerful figure was represented in art.